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Sally Miller, born Salomé Müller (b. c. 1814 - ),〔〔Bailey, Lost German Slave, p. 245. Note: Salomé Müller was noted as age four on the indenture agreement signed in 1818 in New Orleans.〕 was an American slave whose freedom suit in Louisiana was based on her claimed status as a free German immigrant and indentured servant. The case attracted wide attention and publicity because of the issue of "white" slavery. In ''Sally Miller v. Louis Belmonti'' (1845 La), the Louisiana Supreme Court ruled in her favor, and Miller gained freedom. Despite the doctrine of ''partus sequitur ventrum'' incorporated into state law, by which children followed the legal status of their mother at the time of birth, Miller was not successful in her attempt to gain freedom from slavery for her three surviving children. In a case settled in her favor by the judge, she won a case in which her former master John Fitz Miller tried to clear his name by proving that she was part-black and had been born into slavery in ''Miller v. Miller'' (1849 La). His appeal to the State Supreme Court was dismissed. Her identity remains controversial. ==Background== Beginning in 1816, many impoverished Europeans immigrated to the United States as refugees from the crop failures of the Year Without a Summer, the wars of Napoleon, and other economic and social problems.〔Bailey, Lost German, p.〕 Among the flood of refugees to Louisiana in 1818 were several families from Langensoultzbach in Alsace, on the lower Rhine, including Daniel Müller, a shoemaker; his wife Dorothea, two sons, and their daughters Dorothea and Salomé. To fund their passage, Müller signed a "redemption" or indenture agreement, bartering the labor of him and his family for several years. His wife and infant son died on the voyage.〔 (Although this part of Alsace was then within French territory, and has been again since World War II, it was near the German border and had many ethnic German residents such as the Müllers, who spoke a German dialect.) In March 1818, the surviving Müllers arrived in New Orleans. Their indenture contracts were reportedly sold to John Fitz Miller of Attakapas Parish (now St. Martin Parish), who had a sugar cane plantation. A few weeks after the family were taken to the Miller plantation, his friends and relatives in New Orleans learned that Daniel Müller and his older son Jacob, age 10, had died of fever; they were not able to discover what had happened to the two young girls: Dorothea, age 8, and Salomé, age 4, nor were they able to locate them.〔〔Bailey, Lost German Slave, p. 245. Note: Children's ages appeared on the indenture agreement signed in 1818 in New Orleans.〕 In 1843, the Müllers' friend and fellow immigrant Madame Karl Rouff was served by an enslaved woman at a cafe in New Orleans. She came to think that the woman must be Salomé Müller from her home village, grown to adulthood. Held as the legal property of Louis Belmonti (also spelled Belmonte or Belmont in historic accounts), the woman was known as Mary Miller.〔("Sally Miller (alias Salomi Muller)" ), ''Dictionary M'', Louisiana Historical Association, 2008, accessed 8 March 2011. Note: An account said she had also been called Briget as a slave.〕 Mme Carl took Miller to the home of Salomé Müller's cousin and godmother Eva Schuber and her husband Francis, who also identified her as Salomé. They began an extended legal struggle to have Mary (later called Sally) Miller recognized as a native European and free woman.〔(Carol Wilson, "Sally Muller, the White Slave" ), ''Louisiana History'', Vol. 40, 1999, accessed 8 March 2011〕 Miller also tried to free her children.〔"Sally Miller (alias Salomi Muller)". Note: The 1923 article said she had one son John, described as mulatto, born about 1830.〕 She had four children: Lafayette (who died about 1839), Madison, Charles and Adeline.〔Bailey, Lost German Slave Girl, p. 255〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sally Miller」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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